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【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforConductingAcuteToxicityTestsonTestMaterialswithFishes,Macroinvertebrates,andAmphibians
【原文标准名称】:用鱼、大型无脊椎动物和两栖动物进行剧毒毒性试验的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME729-1996(2007)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:1996
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.01
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:试验;毒性;危险物质;鱼类;污染控制
【英文主题词】:acutetoxicitytest;amphibians;copepods;EC50;fish;flow-throughtest;freshwaterfishes;freshwaterinvertebrates;LC50;macroinvertebrates;mollusks;mysids;renewaltest;saltwaterfishes;saltwaterinvertebrates;statictest;testd
【摘要】:Anacutetoxicitytestisconductedtoobtaininformationconcerningtheimmediateeffectsontestorganismsofashort-termexposuretoatestmaterialunderspecificexperimentalconditions.Anacutetoxicitytestdoesnotprovideinformationaboutwhetherdelayedeffectswilloccur,althoughapost-exposureobservationperiod,withappropriatefeeding,ifnecessary,mightprovidesuchinformation.Resultsofacutetoxicitytestsmightbeusedtopredictacuteeffectslikelytooccuronaquaticorganismsinfieldsituationsasaresultofexposureundercomparableconditions,exceptthat(1)motileorganismsmightavoidexposurewhenpossible,and(2)toxicitytobenthicorganismsmightbedependentonsorptionorsettlingofthetestmaterialontothesubstrate.Resultsofacutetestsmightbeusedtocomparetheacutesensitivitiesofdifferentspeciesandtheacutetoxicitiesofdifferenttestmaterials,andtostudytheeffectsofvariousenvironmentalfactorsonresultsofsuchtests.Resultsofacutetoxicitytestsmightbeanimportantconsiderationwhenassessingthehazardsofmaterialstoaquaticorganisms(seeGuideE1023)orwhenderivingwaterqualitycriteriaforaquaticorganisms(2).Resultsofacutetoxicitytestsmightbeusefulforstudyingthebiologicalavailabilityof,andstructure-activityrelationshipsbetween,testmaterials.Resultsofacutetoxicitytestswilldependonthetemperature,compositionofthedilutionwater,conditionofthetestorganisms,exposuretechnique,andotherfactors.1.1Thisguide()describesproceduresforobtaininglaboratorydataconcerningtheadverseeffects(forexample,lethalityandimmobility)ofatestmaterialaddedtodilutionwater,butnottofood,oncertainspeciesoffreshwaterandsaltwaterfishes,macroinvertebrates,andamphibiansduring2to8-dayexposures,dependingonthespecies.Theseprocedureswillprobablybeusefulforconductingacutetoxicitytestswithmanyotheraquaticspecies,althoughmodificationsmightbenecessary.1.2Othermodificationsoftheseproceduresmightbejustifiedbyspecialneedsorcircumstances.Althoughusingappropriateproceduresismoreimportantthanfollowingprescribedprocedures,resultsoftestsconductedusingunusualproceduresarenotlikelytobecomparabletoresultsofmanyothertests.Comparisonofresultsobtainedusingmodifiedandunmodifiedversionsoftheseproceduresmightprovideusefulinformationconcerningnewconceptsandproceduresforconductingacutetests.1.3Thisguidedescribestestsusingthreebasicexposuretechniques:static,renewal,andflow-through.Selectionofthetechniquetouseinaspecificsituationwilldependontheneedsoftheinvestigatorandonavailableresources.Testsusingthestatictechniqueprovidethemosteasilyobtainedmeasureofacutetoxicity,butconditionsoftenchangesubstantiallyduringstatictests;therefore,statictestsshouldnotlastlongerthan96h,andtestorganismsshouldnotbefedduringsuchtests.Statictestsshouldprobablynotbeconductedonmaterialsthathaveahighoxygendemand,arehighlyvolatile,arerapidlytransformedbiologicallyorchemicallyinaqueoussolution,orareremovedfromtestsolutionsinsubstantialquantitiesbythetestchambersororganismsduringthetest.BecausethepHandconcentrationsofdissolvedoxygenandtestmaterialaremaintainedatdesiredlevelsanddegradationandmetabolicproductsareremoved,testsusingrenewalandflow-throughmethodsarepreferableandmaylastlongerthan96h;testorganismsmaybefedduringrenewalandflow-throughtests.Althoughrenewaltestsmightbemorecost-effective,flow-throughtestsaregenerally......
【中国标准分类号】:Z15
【国际标准分类号】:07_080
【页数】:22P.;A4
【正文语种】:


【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforTransformationTemperatureofNickel-TitaniumAlloysbyThermalAnalysis
【原文标准名称】:用加热分析法对镍-钛合金转变温度的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMF2004-2000
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2000
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)
【起草单位】:ASTM
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:形状记忆合金;钛-镍;镍-钛合金;镍-钛;镍-钛合金;差动扫描热量计;差动扫描热量计;转变温度
【英文主题词】:differentialscanningcalorimeter;dsc;nickel-titaniumalloy;niti;nitinol;shapememoryalloy;tini;transformationtemperature
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:H62
【国际标准分类号】:77_120_50;77_120_40
【页数】:2P;A4
【正文语种】:英语